<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2587-6740</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">114699</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55186/25876740_2026_69_1_131</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Международный опыт в сельском хозяйстве</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>International experience in agriculture</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Международный опыт в сельском хозяйстве</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Farming and seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Tanzania and Uganda</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Фермерство и системы семеноводства в странах Субсахарской Африки на примере Танзании и Уганды</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9162-0317</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Лукомец</surname>
       <given-names>Вячеслав Михайлович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Lukomets</surname>
       <given-names>Viacheslav Mihaylovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>kniish@kniish.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор сельскохозяйственных наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of agricultural sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0721-7822</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Лукомец</surname>
       <given-names>Артем Вячеславович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Lukomets</surname>
       <given-names>Artem Vyacheslavovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>alukomets@vniimk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4258-1865</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Цаценко</surname>
       <given-names>Наталья Андреевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Tsatsenko</surname>
       <given-names>Natalia Andreevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>natalia27tsatsenko@yandex.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный центр зерна имени П.П. Лукьяненко; Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт масличных культур имени В.С. Пустовойта</institution>
     <city>Краснодар</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko; V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops</institution>
     <city>Krasnodar</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт масличных культур имени В.С. Пустовойта; Кубанский государственный аграрный университет имени И.Т. Трубилина</institution>
     <city>Краснодар</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops; Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin</institution>
     <city>Krasnodar</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный центр зерна имени П.П. Лукьяненко</institution>
     <city>Краснодар</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko</institution>
     <city>Krasnodar</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-15T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>15</day>
    <month>02</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-15T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>15</day>
    <month>02</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>131</fpage>
   <lpage>137</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-02T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>02</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-08T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>08</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://ecience.ru/en/nauka/article/114699/view">https://ecience.ru/en/nauka/article/114699/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В данной работе представлен сравнительный анализ семеноводческих систем двух стран Восточной Африки (Танзания и Уганда). Цель исследования заключается в изучении систем семеноводства и текущего состояния регулирования семенного сектора для установления взаимовыгодного сотрудничества в сфере селекционной деятельности и производства семян экономически значимых сельскохозяйственных культур, возделываемых как в Российской Федерации, так и на территории африканских государств. Дано описание текущего состояния производства четырех сельскохозяйственных культур, возделываемых в рассматриваемых странах: зерновых (кукуруза и пшеница) и масличных культур (подсолнечник и соя). Рассмотрен теоретический базис систем семеноводства в странах Субсахарской Африки, где семеноводство представлено тремя параллельно функционирующими системами: формальной, неформальной и промежуточной, известной также как система «декларирования качества семенного материала» (Quality Declared Seed System или QDS). Проведен сравнительный анализ национального законодательства в области регулирования, мер по поддержке и продвижению качественных семян в Танзании и Уганде. Выявлено, что в обеих странах законы и регламенты по семенам непосредственно связаны с созданием институтов сертификации семян, утверждением категорий семян, внедрением системы «декларирования качества семенного материала», установлением сроков сортоиспытания. Проведенный анализ позволил сформулировать ключевые положения о текущем состоянии регулирования и функционирования семеноводства в странах Восточной Африки. Во-первых, официальное внедрение промежуточной системы или системы QDS дает возможность интегрировать фермера во взаимодействие с научно-исследовательскими учреждениями в рамках производства семян улучшенных сортов, отвечающих минимальным стандартам сортовой чистоты и всхожести. Во-вторых, совершенствование национального законодательства по семеноводству – это ответ на участие стран в региональных экономических союзах. В-третьих, рассмотренный опыт Танзании и Уганды показывает, что гибкость и адаптивность африканской системы семеноводства заключается во взаимодополняемости и взаимодействии всех трех систем.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>This paper presents a comparative analysis of the seed systems of two East African countries (Tanzania and Uganda). The purpose of the study is to study seed systems and the current state of regulation of the seed sector in order to establish mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of breeding and seed production of economically important crops cultivated both in the Russian Federation and in African countries. The current state of production of four agricultural crops cultivated in the countries under consideration is described: cereals (corn and wheat) and oilseeds (sunflower and soybeans). The theoretical basis of seed systems in Sub-Saharan African countries is considered, where seed production is represented by three parallel functioning systems: formal, informal and intermediate, also known as the Quality Declared Seed System or QDS system. A comparative analysis of national legislation on regulation, measures to support and promote quality seeds in Tanzania and Uganda has been carried out. It was found that in both countries laws and regulations concerning seeds are directly related to the creation of seed certification institutions, approval of seed categories, introduction of a Quality Declared Seed system, establishment of variety testing periods. The conducted analysis has made it possible to formulate key positions on the current state of regulation and functioning of seed production in East African countries. Firstly, official implementation of an intermediate system or a QDS system allows farmers to be integrated into interaction with research institutions within the framework of producing seeds of improved varieties that meet minimum standards for variety purity and germination. Secondly, improvement of national legislation on seed production is a response to participation of these countries in regional economic unions. Thirdly, the experience of Tanzania and Uganda shows that flexibility and adaptability of the African seed system lies in complementarity and interrelation of all three systems.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>системы семеноводства</kwd>
    <kwd>растениеводство</kwd>
    <kwd>государственное регулирование</kwd>
    <kwd>правовая база</kwd>
    <kwd>мелкотоварный фермер</kwd>
    <kwd>система QDS</kwd>
    <kwd>Уганда</kwd>
    <kwd>Танзания</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>seed systems</kwd>
    <kwd>crop production</kwd>
    <kwd>government regulation</kwd>
    <kwd>legal framework</kwd>
    <kwd>small-scale farmer</kwd>
    <kwd>QDS system</kwd>
    <kwd>Uganda</kwd>
    <kwd>Tanzania</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Папцов А. Г. К вопросу об организации селекции и семеноводства в аграрном секторе стран с развитой рыночной экономикой // Экономика, труд, управление в сельском хозяйстве. 2022.  № 9. С. 4-15.  DOI: 10.33938/229-4</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papcov A. G. K voprosu ob organizacii selekcii i semenovodstva v agrarnom sektore stran s razvitoy rynochnoy ekonomikoy // Ekonomika, trud, upravlenie v sel'skom hozyaystve. 2022.  № 9. S. 4-15.  DOI: 10.33938/229-4</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Михайлушкин П. В., Моисеев А. В. Развитие интеграционных процессов в направлении селекции и семеноводства // АПК: Экономика, управление. 2021. № 3. С. 62-69. DOI: 10.33305/213-62</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mihaylushkin P. V., Moiseev A. V. Razvitie integracionnyh processov v napravlenii selekcii i semenovodstva // APK: Ekonomika, upravlenie. 2021. № 3. S. 62-69. DOI: 10.33305/213-62</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Report AU Seed. The seed sector in Africa. Status Report and Ten-year Action Plan (2020-2030): A Summary. February 2021. http://au.int/en/documents/20220109/seed-sector-status-report (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Report AU Seed. The seed sector in Africa. Status Report and Ten-year Action Plan (2020-2030): A Summary. February 2021. http://au.int/en/documents/20220109/seed-sector-status-report (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Report AfricaSeeds. The African Seed Sector Development Organization Strategy 2022-2031. For inclusive seed sector development to support agricultural transformation in Africa. http://www.africa-seeds.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/NewStrategy_EN.pdf (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Report AfricaSeeds. The African Seed Sector Development Organization Strategy 2022-2031. For inclusive seed sector development to support agricultural transformation in Africa. http://www.africa-seeds.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/NewStrategy_EN.pdf (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Bank. Statistics. Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (дата обращения 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Bank. Statistics. Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (data obrascheniya 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mastenbroek A., Otim G., Ntare B. R. (2021). Institutionalizing quality declared seed in Uganda. Agronomy, vol. 11(8), 1475. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11081475</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mastenbroek A., Otim G., Ntare B. R. (2021). Institutionalizing quality declared seed in Uganda. Agronomy, vol. 11(8), 1475. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11081475</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vanlauwe B., Coyne D., Gockowski J., Hauser S. et al. (2014). Sustainable intensification and the African smallholder farmer. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol. 8, pp.  15-22. DOI:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.06.001</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vanlauwe B., Coyne D., Gockowski J., Hauser S. et al. (2014). Sustainable intensification and the African smallholder farmer. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol. 8, pp.  15-22. DOI:10.1016/j.cosust.2014.06.001</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajambo R., Elepu G., Bashaasha B., Okori P. (2017). Farmers’ preferences for maize attributes in Eastern and Western Uganda. African Crop Science Journal, vol. 25(2), pp. 177-187. Available at : http://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/156973.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajambo R., Elepu G., Bashaasha B., Okori P. (2017). Farmers’ preferences for maize attributes in Eastern and Western Uganda. African Crop Science Journal, vol. 25(2), pp. 177-187. Available at : http://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/156973.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mghweno O. N., Mishili F. J., Nchimbi-Msolla S. (2020). Farmers’ decision to purchase quality declared seeds in Kongwa District, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 19(2), pp. 203-215. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjags/article/view/205098.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mghweno O. N., Mishili F. J., Nchimbi-Msolla S. (2020). Farmers’ decision to purchase quality declared seeds in Kongwa District, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 19(2), pp. 203-215. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjags/article/view/205098.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФАОСТАТ. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (дата обращения: 22.09.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (data obrascheniya: 22.09.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФАО ГСИРП. Глобальная система информирования и раннего предупреждения. http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/index.jsp?lang=ru (дата обращения 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAO GSIRP. Global'naya sistema informirovaniya i rannego preduprezhdeniya. http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/index.jsp?lang=ru (data obrascheniya 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molela G., Kira A. (2024) Attribution of Gross Margin Differential to Quality Declared Seeds in Tanzanian Sunflower Sub-Sector: Difference-in-Differences Analysis. Journal of African Economic Perspectives, vol. 2(2), pp. 13-23. http://journals.udom.ac.tz/index.php/jaep/article/view/857.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molela G., Kira A. (2024) Attribution of Gross Margin Differential to Quality Declared Seeds in Tanzanian Sunflower Sub-Sector: Difference-in-Differences Analysis. Journal of African Economic Perspectives, vol. 2(2), pp. 13-23. http://journals.udom.ac.tz/index.php/jaep/article/view/857.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khojely D. M., Ibrahim S. E., Sapey E., Han T. (2018). History, current status, and prospects of soybean production and research in sub-Saharan Africa. The Crop Journal, vol. 6(3), pp. 226-235. DOI:10.1016/j.cj.2018.03.006</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khojely D. M., Ibrahim S. E., Sapey E., Han T. (2018). History, current status, and prospects of soybean production and research in sub-Saharan Africa. The Crop Journal, vol. 6(3), pp. 226-235. DOI:10.1016/j.cj.2018.03.006</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФАОЛЕКС. http://www.fao.org/faolex/background/en. (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAOLEKS. http://www.fao.org/faolex/background/en. (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seeds Act No.18. Tanzania. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan61038.pdf. (дата обращения 22.08.2025)</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seeds Act No.18. Tanzania. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan61038.pdf. (data obrascheniya 22.08.2025)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">TOSCI. Tanzania Official Seed Certification. http://www.tosci.go.tz/pages/dmi-objectives (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">TOSCI. Tanzania Official Seed Certification. http://www.tosci.go.tz/pages/dmi-objectives (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">TOSCI. Tanzania. National Plant Variety Catalogues. http://www.tosci.go.tz/seed-varieties?page=5 (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">TOSCI. Tanzania. National Plant Variety Catalogues. http://www.tosci.go.tz/seed-varieties?page=5 (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Agricultural Policy. Tanzania. 2013 https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan141074.pdf (дата обращения 22.08.2025)</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Agricultural Policy. Tanzania. 2013 https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan141074.pdf (data obrascheniya 22.08.2025)</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UPOV. Members. http://www.upov.int/members/en. (дата обращения 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UPOV. Members. http://www.upov.int/members/en. (data obrascheniya 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ISTA. Seed Quality Assurance. Member Search.  http://www.seedtest.org/en/membership/member-search.html?memberType=&amp;country=Tanzania&amp;testType=&amp;testMethod= (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ISTA. Seed Quality Assurance. Member Search.  http://www.seedtest.org/en/membership/member-search.html?memberType=&amp;country=Tanzania&amp;testType=&amp;testMethod= (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture. http://www.kilimo.go.tz/pages/directorate-units (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture. http://www.kilimo.go.tz/pages/directorate-units (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seeds and Plant Act №3. Uganda. http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/uga140397.pdf (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seeds and Plant Act №3. Uganda. http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/uga140397.pdf (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seeds and Plant Regulations, Uganda, 2016. http://www.agriculture.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Seeds-and-Plant-Regulations-2017.pdf (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seeds and Plant Regulations, Uganda, 2016. http://www.agriculture.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Seeds-and-Plant-Regulations-2017.pdf (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MAAIF. Acts. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries. Uganda. http://www.agriculture.go.ug/acts/ (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MAAIF. Acts. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries. Uganda. http://www.agriculture.go.ug/acts/ (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National seed strategy 2018/19 - 2022/2023 by Ministry of agriculture, animal industry and fisheries of Uganda. http://www.agriculture.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/National-Seed-Strategy.pdf  (дата обращения: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National seed strategy 2018/19 - 2022/2023 by Ministry of agriculture, animal industry and fisheries of Uganda. http://www.agriculture.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/National-Seed-Strategy.pdf  (data obrascheniya: 22.08.2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
