The article examines the influence of the structure of the regional economy on the ability to ensure higher dynamics of socio-economic growth in the regions of the Central Federal District. Ensuring sustainable economic growth in the country's regions remains a strategically important task, the relevance of which is due to the preservation of significant differentiation of the main economic indicators in the context of the territorial aspect. For many regions of the country, an important area of economic activity is the industrial sector and agriculture. The aggravation of the political situation in recent years has significantly increased the role of agriculture in food security and national security, which gave impetus to the active growth and development of regions with relatively high agricultural potential. The study analyzed the relationship between the share in the structure of the regional economy of the two main areas of economic activity in the regions of the Central Federal District and the level of economic development characterized by per capita GRP and income of the population in the period 2020-2022. In the course of the study, a hypothesis was formed that the economic development of regions is influenced by priorities in the sectoral structure of the regional economy, the further support of which can act as a driver of growth in socio-economic indicators. The study found that priorities in the agricultural sector make it possible to ensure sustainable economic growth if there is an appropriate resource potential in the region: in the group of regions with a high share of agriculture in the GRP structure, comparable indicators are significantly higher. However, in recent years, the dynamics of improvement has decreased, which diagnoses stagnation in the development of agriculture. In order to offset the impact of the formed obstacles and threats to the development of agricultural enterprises as a driver of economic growth in the regions, it is necessary to improve the mechanism for managing the available resource potential in order to ensure a balanced ratio in the growth of demand and food production through the formation of an effective system of interregional exchange, an increase in the inflow of investments into the agro-industrial complex against the background of adaptation of state regulation measures to changing economic factors of management.