Quarantine phytosanitary treatment of regulated commodities and packaging with controlled atmospheres and combined fumigants: a quantitative review of import and export applications

Areza Karashayeva; Ivan Selin; Sergey Ladan

doi:10.55186/25876740_2026_69_6_857

VAK Russia 4.1.3 UDC 632.93 UDC 632.911.2

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QUARANTINE PHYTOSANITARY TREATMENT OF REGULATED COMMODITIES AND PACKAGING WITH CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES AND COMBINED FUMIGANTS: A QUANTITATIVE REVIEW OF IMPORT AND EXPORT APPLICATIONS Quarantine phytosanitary treatment of regulated commodities and packaging with controlled atmospheres and combined fumigants: a quantitative review of import and export applications

АА Аа

Published in INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL · Issue 6, 2026 · Pages 857–861 · Rubric: Scientific support and management of agrarian and industrial complex

DOI: https://doi.org/10.55186/25876740_2026_69_6_857

Received: 25.06.2026 Accepted: 04.08.2026 Published: 14.10.2026

Authors

Areza Karashayeva

ORCID SPIN

Ivan Selin

ORCID

Sergey Ladan

ORCID SPIN

Areza Karashayeva

Academic degree: candidate of agricultural sciences

All-Russian Center for Plant Quarantine head of the scientific and methodological department; senior researcher · scientific and methodological department for experimental assessment of the biological effectiveness of biopreparations and disinfection · Russian Federation · Bykovo

ORCID SPIN

Ivan Selin

All-Russian Center for Plant Quarantine junior researcher · Russian Federation · Bykovo

ORCID

Sergey Ladan

Academic degree: candidate of sciences in biology

All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry named after D.N. Pryanishnikov head of the laboratory · laboratory of agricultural toxicology · Russian Federation · Moscow

ORCID SPIN

ABSTRACT

. Stricter phytosanitary requirements, the phase-out of methyl bromide and the spread of pest resistance to phosphine are driving the search for alternatives to quarantine phytosanitary treatment (QPT). The aim of this review is to systematize the global experience (2006–2025) on the use of controlled atmospheres (CA), inert gases and their mixtures with fumigants for disinfesting imported commodities and preparing domestic goods for export. Based on a consolidated database of experimental data, a quantitative comparison of the efficiency of gas treatment groups was performed, species × environment models were built, and species were ranked by relative tolerance. The highest reliability of complete control is provided by physical regimes (vacuum, high‑pressure CO₂), mixtures of ethyl formate with CO₂, and fumigant mixtures with CO₂/N₂, which reliably kill the most tolerant stages, including phosphine‑resistant populations. For packaging and timber, quarantine security is provided by structural sulfuryl fluoride, ethanedinitrile and ISPM 15 regimes. PH₃ + CO₂ (resistance overcoming) and ethyl formate with CO₂ (logistics integration) are recognized as ready for scaling; NO and ozone form a «green» reserve with zero residues, requiring industrial generators and harmonized regulations.

KEYWORDS

inert gases, nitric oxide, ethyl formate, phosphine resistance, ISPM 15, probit-9, methyl bromide, stored-product pests

Funding

The work was financed from the budget within the framework of the State Assignment on topic №. 1025030500188-5-4.1.1.

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GOST

Karashayeva A. S., Selin I. V., Ladan S. S. Quarantine phytosanitary treatment of regulated commodities and packaging with controlled atmospheres and combined fumigants: a quantitative review of import and export applications // INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 2026. no. 6. pp. 857-861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55186/25876740_2026_69_6_857. (Date of access 07.11.2026).

MLA

Areza Karashayeva, Selin I. V., Ladan S. S.. "Quarantine phytosanitary treatment of regulated commodities and packaging with controlled atmospheres and combined fumigants: a quantitative review of import and export applications." INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL.6 (2026): 857-861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55186/25876740_2026_69_6_857.

APA

Karashayeva A. S., Selin I. V., Ladan S. S. (2026). Quarantine phytosanitary treatment of regulated commodities and packaging with controlled atmospheres and combined fumigants: a quantitative review of import and export applications. INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL(6), 857-861. https://doi.org/10.55186/25876740_2026_69_6_857

Chicago

Areza Karashayeva, Selin I. V., Ladan S. S.. "Quarantine phytosanitary treatment of regulated commodities and packaging with controlled atmospheres and combined fumigants: a quantitative review of import and export applications." INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL, no. 6 (2026): 857-861. https://doi.org/10.55186/25876740_2026_69_6_857.

WIKI

{{cite journal | author = Karashayeva A. S., Selin I. V., Ladan S. S. | title = Quarantine phytosanitary treatment of regulated commodities and packaging with controlled atmospheres and combined fumigants: a quantitative review of import and export applications | journal = INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL | year = 2026 | issue = 6 | pages = 857-861 | doi = 10.55186/25876740_2026_69_6_857 }}

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