Transformation of the geographical structure of international grain trade in the 21st century
Type:
Article
Pages:
from 480
to 483
Status:
In work
Received:
15.08.2026
Accepted:
15.08.2026
Published:
15.08.2026
Language:
Russian
Keywords:
international trade, geographical structure, export, import, grain products, embargo, sanctions
Abstract:
In the 21st century, the geographical structure of international grain trade is undergoing fundamental shifts due to climate change, logistical crises, and geopolitical conflicts. Previously, the United States and Canada were the dominant exporters, but in recent decades there has been a rapid increase in the influence of the countries of the Black Sea region (Russia, Ukraine) and South America (Brazil, Argentina). At the same time, there is a diversification of import flows: the traditional markets of Europe and Japan are complemented by the fast-growing countries of Asia (China, Indonesia, the Philippines) and the Middle East (Egypt, Turkey). The escalation of trade wars, the imposition of food embargoes and the blockade of Black Sea ports in the 2020s stimulated the search for alternative logistics routes and accelerated the transition to contracts using national currencies. As a result, a new polycentric grain market model is being formed, where dependence on one pole of growth is decreasing, and the key factor is the ability of countries to adapt export-import relations to conditions of increased volatility.
In the 21st century, the geographical structure of international grain trade is undergoing fundamental shifts due to climate change, logistical crises, and geopolitical conflicts. Previously, the United States and Canada were the dominant exporters, but in recent decades there has been a rapid increase in the influence of the countries of the Black Sea region (Russia, Ukraine) and South America (Brazil, Argentina). At the same time, there is a diversification of import flows: the traditional markets of Europe and Japan are complemented by the fast-growing countries of Asia (China, Indonesia, the Philippines) and the Middle East (Egypt, Turkey). The escalation of trade wars, the imposition of food embargoes and the blockade of Black Sea ports in the 2020s stimulated the search for alternative logistics routes and accelerated the transition to contracts using national currencies. As a result, a new polycentric grain market model is being formed, where dependence on one pole of growth is decreasing, and the key factor is the ability of countries to adapt export-import relations to conditions of increased volatility.
Keywords:
international trade, geographical structure, export, import, grain products, embargo, sanctions
international trade, geographical structure, export, import, grain products, embargo, sanctions
